First listen and then answer the following question. 听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What was the main objective of early mountain climbers?
Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport, and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded. In the pioneering days, however, this was not the case at all. The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to the top, because the summit was the prize they sought, especially if it and never been attained before. It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature, equipped in a manner with would make a modern climber shudder at the thought, but they did not go out of their way to court such excitement. They had a single aim, a solitary goal -- the top! It is hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it was for the pioneers. Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamonix, which had rapidly become popular, Alpine village tended to be impoverished settlements cut off from civilization by the high mountains. Such inns as there were generally dirty and flea-ridden; the food simply local cheese accompanied by bread often twelve months old, all washed down with coarse wine. Often a valley boasted no inn at all, and climbers found shelter wherever they could -- sometimes with the local priest (who was usually as poor as his parishioners), sometimes with shepherds or cheese-makers. Invariably the background was the same: dirt and poverty, and very uncomfortable. For men accustomed to eating seven-course dinners and sleeping between fine linen sheets at home, the change to the Alps must have very hard indeed. WALTER UNSWORTH Matterhorn Man
New words and expressions
Matterhorn n. 马特霍恩峰（阿尔卑斯山之一，在意大利和瑞士边境） alpinist n. 登山运动员 pioneer v. 开辟，倡导； n. 先锋，开辟者 summit n. 顶峰 attain v. 到达 perilous adj. 危险的 shudder v. 不寒而栗 court v. 追求 solitary adj. 唯一的 impoverish v. 使贫困 Alpine adj. 阿尔卑斯山的 flea-ridden adj. 布满跳蚤的 coarse adj. 粗劣的 boast v. 自恃有 parishioner n. 教区居民 shepherd n. 牧羊人 linen n. 亚麻布床单 the Alps n. 阿尔卑斯山脉
例：This is the place where I grew up. （2）可用于非限定性关系从句中。在由when、where和why引导的限定性关系从句中，可以使用关系代词that替代。 例：My success in business,the reason why he dislikes me,has been due to hard work.
2、关系从句的一些重要用法 （1）当被修饰词为all、anything、everything、a few、the only one等，并用来指物时，其后的关系代词通常使用that，而不是which.但如果这些词是用来指人时，其后仍需要使用who. 例：All that remains for me to do is to say goodbye.
（2）当被修饰词为形容词最高级形式时，其后的关系代词通常使用that。 例：It`s the silliest argument that I`ve ever heard.
（3）在非限定性关系从句中，可以使用表示数量的名词或代词+of+whom/which 结构表示数量。 例：Both player,neither of whom reached the final,played well。
（4）关系代词which可以用来指上述的一个句子，而不仅是一个词。这种用法常见于非限定性关系从句中，此时它通常可以用 and this/that 来代替。 例：She married Joe,which(=and this/that) surprised everyone.
习题
1、The pioneers had a hard time because ______ A. Zermatt and Chamonix had rapidly become popular B. Alpine villages were primitive C. the mountains were extremely high D. there wasn`t anything to eat
key: B 解析：primitive，原始的，简单的，粗糙的
2、Earlier climbers liked summits ______ had never been climbed before. A. which B. which they C. that they D. unless they
key: A 解析：见本文上一节《关系从句的一些重要用法》
3、In the pioneering days this was not the ______ at all. A. condition B. situation C. history D. event
key: B 解析：situation 情况；形势；处境；位置
4、-all wshed down with _____ wine. A. course B. sour C. rough D. new